IFR Cross Country Planning Federal Aviation Regulations require pilots to file an IFR Flight Plan so they can legally operate in controlled airspace under IFR.…

IFR Emergencies As instrument-rated pilots, we can fully discover all the potential the aviation world can offer us. There is always a new procedure to…

IFR Enroute Operations The National Airspace System (NAS) is the network of United States airspace: air navigation facilities, equipment, services, airports or landing areas, aeronautical…

IFR Regulations Federal Aviation Regulations affect every aspect of flight. Instrument Rated Pilots must become familiar with the regulations affecting IFR operations in controlled and…

Instrument Landing System (ILS) Most navigation systems approved for Enroute and terminal operations under IFR, such as VOR, NDB, and GPS, may also be approved…

Mastering ATC Communications All pilots must ensure a strong emphasis on ATC communications; here is where a safe flight begins. Understanding the aviation terminology is…

Mastering Holding Patterns Holding Patterns can happen anywhere at any time on the IFR system. For this reason, when pilots need to do them, they…

Multi-Engine Aerodynamics One of the most exciting parts of being a pilot is getting to fly a multi-engine aircraft. Having the possibility to fly faster…

VFR Cross-country Flight Planning This chapter provides an introduction to cross-country flying under visual flight rules (VFR). It contains practical information for planning and executing…

VOR Navigation Have you ever wondered how airplanes navigate when there are not any outside visual references to use? Well, one of the navigational aids…

Weather Theory Weather is an essential topic in general aviation flight and a contributing cause of many accidents. While there is no way for us…